54199220 comoros Comoros

Potentially a holiday paradise with picture-postcard beaches, the Comoros islands are trying to consolidate political stability amid tensions between semi-autonomous islands and the central government.

A history of political violence has left the Comoros desperately poor. At times, the country has teetered on the brink of disintegration.

The three Indian Ocean islands have experienced more than 20 coups or attempted coups, beginning just weeks after independence from France in 1975 when President Ahmed Abdallah was toppled in a coup assisted by French mercenary Colonel Bob Denard. Colonel Denard featured in several power struggles over the years.

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At a glance

wpid 52390855 comoros voters2 afp 1066097463 Comoros

Politics: After coups and secession bids, the Comoros gained some stability under a 2001 constitution granting the islands of Grande Comore, Anjouan, Moheli greater autonomy within a federation. The extension of the current president's term has caused tension

Economy: Comoros is heavily reliant on aid and remittances from the diaspora

International: The African Union and South Africa have been involved in helping to stabilise the Comoros politically

To add to the country's troubles, the islands of Anjouan and Moheli declared unilateral independence in a violent conflict in 1997.

In an effort to bring the breakaway islands back into the fold, Moheli, Anjouan and the largest island, Grande Comore, were granted greater autonomy under a 2001 constitution.

The Union of the Comoros retained control of security and financial matters.

The people of the Comoros are among the poorest in Africa and are heavily dependent on foreign aid. Natural resources are in short supply and the islands' chief exports – vanilla, cloves and perfume essence – are prone to price fluctuations. Money sent home by Comorans living abroad is an important source of income.

The descendants of Arab traders, Malay immigrants and African peoples contribute to the islands' complex ethnic mix.

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U.S. Army Africa commander visits South Africa March 2010
4439682381 4272dbe664 U.S. Army Africa commander visits South Africa March 2010

Image by US Army Africa
www.usaraf.army.mil

U.S. Army Africa commander meets South African military leaders

By Rick Scavetta, U.S. Army Africa

VICENZA, Italy – Shortly after Maj. Gen. William B. Garrett III’s aircraft touched down at Johannesburg’s Tambo International Airport, he was shaking hands with Brig. Gen. Chris Gildenhuys, commanding general of the South African Army Armour Formation. The two officers last met in Monterey, Calif., during a July 2009 bi-lateral conference sponsored by the U.S. military.

In a sign of U.S. Army Africa’s growing relationship with South Africa, it was now South Africa’s turn to host the commander of U.S. Army Africa.

“Organizations don’t collaborate, people do,” Garrett said. “This visit is an invaluable opportunity to strengthen the relationship between our Army and the South African Army.”

On March 7th, Garrett flew to South Africa for a weeklong tour, marking his first visit to that country. In the days to follow, Gildenhuys escorted Garrett to meet South Africa’s senior army leaders and tour South Africa’s key military installations near Pretoria, Bloemfontein and Cape Town.

In Pretoria, Garrett stopped at the U.S. Embassy to meet with U.S. Ambassador Donald H. Gips and the Deputy Chief of Mission, Ambassador Helen La Lime. Then, at South Africa’s army headquarters, Garrett spoke with Lt. Gen. Solly Zacharia Shoke, chief of the South Africa’s army, about transformation efforts underway in South Africa’s army. Garrett shared recent accomplishments of U.S. Army Africa soldiers and civilians, who work with the land forces of many African nations to strengthen mutual security capacity and capabilities.

At South Africa’s Joint Operations Headquarters, Garrett met with Rear Admiral Phillip Schoultz, Director General for Joint Operations and Acting Chief for Joint Operations who discussed his nation’s peacekeeping efforts. Afterward, Garrett met with officers at the South African Army College. While visiting the 43rd South African Brigade headquarters, Garrett met with Brig. Gen. Lawrence Smith and observed preparation for training under the U.S. State Department-led African Contingency Operations Training and Assistance program. Then, Garrett stopped at South Africa’s army engineer formation headquarters for a series of information briefings.

“We have a lot to learn from the South African Army,” Garrett said. “We will use that knowledge to update the U.S. Army’s training and doctrine while enhancing interoperability between our forces.”

The next day, Garrett flew from Waterkloof Air Force Base on Pretoria’s outskirts to Bloemspruit Air Force Base near Bloemfontein. He toured South Africa’s armor school and visited the 44th Parachute Regiment. From Bloemfontein, Garrett flew to Ysterplaat Air Force Based near Cape Town to learn more about South Africa’s reserve forces at Fort Ikapa , followed by a visit to South Africa’s joint tactical headquarters at Western Cape.

U.S. Army Africa has already seen how senior leader engagements can quickly develop into beneficial training opportunities.

In March 2009, Command Sgt. Maj. Earl Rice – then U.S. Army Africa’s senior enlisted leader – visited South Africa’s Special Forces headquarters, a visit conducted with representatives from the U.S. Army Ranger Training Brigade. Within a few weeks, U.S. soldiers got a taste of hardcore South African special forces training. Three Army NCOs underwent a grueling three-week survival course in the South African bush, learning valuable lessons on adapting to the harsh environment, maintaining endurance and overcoming nearly insurmountable challenges—tools they carried back to their units.

Meanwhile, U.S. Army Africa is increasing its capacity building efforts in Africa through a continuing series of senior leader engagements, part of the command’s strategy to expand cooperative relationships and develop enduring partnerships across the continent. Senior leader engagements are a traditional tool used by Army leaders to enhance capacity building efforts.

Leaders use these engagements to gain better regional understanding and insights while encouraging follow-on initiatives such as military-to-military familiarization events and combined exercises and training opportunities.

In July 2009, Garrett was among several U.S. Department of Defense leaders who sat down with South African Ministry of Defense officers during the 11th annual U.S.-RSA Defense Committee meeting in Monterey. While at the bi-lateral conference, military leaders discussed policy, familiarization events, military support to combating HIV/AIDS, plus education and training opportunities for military members.

Several military-to-military familiarization events in 2010 are already being planned, in coordination with U.S. military officers at the U.S. Embassy in South Africa. These events include officer and NCO professional development activities, a leader exchange program, and various engagement activities including military medicine, military police, facilities management and helicopter operations.

The New York National Guard leads cooperative military efforts with South Africa under the State Partnership Program. Upcoming SPP engagements include events involving senior enlisted leaders, military police and chaplains.

“This visit will strengthen the relationship with our South African colleagues,” Garrett said. “Our task now is to expand this relationship into an enduring partnership between the U.S. Army and the South African Army.”

PHOTOS by Capt. Thomas Laney, U.S. Army Africa

To learn more about U.S. Army Africa visit our official website at www.usaraf.army.mil

Official Twitter Feed: www.twitter.com/usarmyafrica

Official YouTube video channel: www.youtube.com/usarmyafrica

wpid 55329194 012890020 11 Nairobi anger high after deadly pipeline fire

In pictures: Kenyan pipeline blast

Do we take our safety seriously?

Anger is running high in Sinai. People blame the sate-owned Kenya Pipeline Company (KPC) for the explosion.

The company's offices are near the slum and its managers tried to hold a press conference to explain what happened.

They were shouted down by an angry crowd and forced to abandon the press conference.

“You killed my family,” one man shouted.

Kenya's Prime Minister Raila Odinga visited the hospital as well as the site of the explosion. He described it as the worst incident to hit Kenya's oil sector – and promised compensation to survivors.

Mr Odinga has promised an investigation to identify the cause of the explosion. For the slum-dwellers though, the reason is obvious: Poverty.

People were scooping fuel from the leaking pipeline when the explosion happened. They would not have been doing that if Sinai was a well-built area and its residents had decent jobs.

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 53625273 mauritius Mauritius

Mauritius, a volcanic island of lagoons and palm-fringed beaches in the Indian Ocean, has a reputation for stability and racial harmony among its mixed population of Asians, Europeans and Africans.

The island has maintained one of the developing world's most successful democracies and has enjoyed years of constitutional order.

It has preserved its image as one of Africa's few social and economic success stories.

Once reliant on sugar as its main crop export, Mauritius was hit by the removal of European trade preferences but has successfully diversified into textiles, upmarket tourism, banking and business outsourcing.

The strategy helped the island's economy weather the world financial crisis of 2008-9 better than expected.

Various cultures and traditions flourish in peace, though Mauritian Creoles, descendants of African slaves who make up a third of the population, live in poverty and complain of discrimination.

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At a glance

wpid 54215601 mauritiuslilies afp Mauritius

Politics: Navin Ramgoolam became premier in July 2005, having already held the post from 1995 to 2000. Changing coalitions are a feature of politics

Economy: Political stability and efforts to diversify have helped Mauritius become one of Africa's most prosperous economies.

International: Mauritius claims the Chagos Islands, administered by Britain and home to a US military base on Diego Garcia.

Mauritius was uninhabited when the Dutch took possession in 1598. Abandoned in 1710, it was taken over by the French in 1715 and seized by the British in 1810.

It gained independence in 1968 as a constitutional monarchy, with executive power nominally vested in the British monarch. It became a republic in 1992. The island of Rodrigues and other smaller islets also form part of the country.

Mauritius claims sovereignty over the Chagos islands, which lie around 1,000 km to the north-east. The British territory, which was separated from Mauritius in 1965, is home to the US military base on Diego Garcia. The British government oversaw the forced removal of the Chagos islanders to Mauritius to make way for the base.

The country is home to some of the world's rarest plants and animals. But human habitation and the introduction of non-native species have threatened its indigenous flora and fauna.

The dodo – a flightless bird and a national symbol – was hunted into extinction in the 17th century.

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wpid r1310022355 Egypt PM says peace deal with Israel not sacred 
    (Reuters)

CAIRO (Reuters) – Egypt's Prime Minister Essam Sharaf said a peace deal with Israel was not “sacred” and could be changed for the benefit of peace or the region.

His comments, made in an interview with a Turkish television channel and broadcast on state television, were the strongest yet by the new government which took over after president Hosni Mubarak was overthrown in February.

“The Camp David agreement is not a sacred thing and is always open to discussion with what would benefit the region and the case of fair peace … and we could make a change if needed,” he said in the interview.

Politics professor Mustapha al-Sayyid said Sharaf's comments appeared to be aimed more at boosting Egyptian security on the border with Israel, which under the 1979 treaty is subject to limitations, rather than abrogating it altogether.

“It has been well demonstrated that the size of Egyptian forces in this area is not sufficient to meet threats to security. The number of troops should be increased and equipment improved,” he said.

“I don't think any Egyptian political forces are calling for abrogation of the treaty or even ending diplomatic relations.”

Tensions between Egypt and Israel, which have been rising since Mubarak was overthrown, flared after a cross-border attack last month.

Cairo accused Israeli forces of shooting dead five Egyptian security guards during gun battles with Palestinian militants who Israel says had earlier ambushed and killed eight Israelis.

Egyptian protesters stormed the Israeli embassy last Friday in anger at Israel for the border killings.

Asked about Sharaf's comments, an Israeli spokesman said Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu had recently voiced his commitment to the treaty on at least two occasions.

“In both places he stressed the importance of maintaining the peace treaty with Egypt, and that the peace treaty is an anchor for regional stability,” spokesman Mark Regev said.

The army-backed government that Sharaf leads has struggled to contain public anger toward Israel after the border killings.

Egypt threatened to withdraw its ambassador but did not, infuriating many Egyptians who wanted a tougher response. Israeli flew its ambassador out after the Israeli embassy was stormed.

Both countries have said they want to return to normal diplomatic activities. Egypt has vowed to protect the embassy, a move demanded by Israel and the United States.

Many Egyptians have said Cairo should have taken a more assertive line like Turkey, which expelled the Israeli ambassador after Israel refused to apologize for the death of nine Turks in an Israeli raid on a Gaza-bound flotilla.

Turkish Prime Minister Tayyip Erdogan visited Egypt this week and received a rapturous welcome from the public.

An Egyptian security official said last month that Egypt and Israel agreed to increase the number of Egyptian troops along the border in the Sinai peninsula.

Egypt has received billions of dollars of U.S. military and other aid since 1979 and has to balance public calls for a tougher line against Israel with a need to keep on good terms with the United States.

“I think what is happening is that both Egypt and Israel are committed to regional peace. They are anxious to move past the incidents of the past weekend and restore the relationship,” U.S. Ambassador to Cairo Anne Patterson told a business forum on Thursday.

(Additional reporting by Andrew Hammond and Omar Fahmy in Cairo and Ari Rabinovitch in Jerusalem; Writing by Edmund Blair; editing by Myra MacDonald)

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wpid 55194393 southafricazimchildren109 Road scholars

Hear the full report on Crossing Continents on BBC Radio 4 on Thursday 8 September at 11:00 BST and Monday 12 September at 20:30 BST

Listen via the BBC iPlayer

Download the Crossing Continents podcast

Follow Radio 4 on Facebook

After he arrived in Johannesburg, he slept rough and worked for traditional African healers – sangomas – some of whom put children to work in the criminal underworld.

But like Moses, one day he arrived at the Methodist church. He was given a bed in a church dormitory in Soweto, and a place at the church-run Albert School.

The church is sometimes criticised for the squalor of the living conditions it provides for adults and children. But for the Zimbabwean migrant children who make up the majority of the Albert School's pupils it provides what they want most – an education similar to the one they began in Zimbabwe.

“They tend to feel that what [other] South African schools have on offer is not what they want,” says Anne Skelton, Director of the Centre for Child Law at the University of Pretoria.

“The older and more advanced they are with their studies, the more particular they are about the education they are accessing.”

Pupils at the Albert school study the Cambridge International syllabus, which awards O-levels and A-levels similar to those traditionally studied in British schools – and in both exams, more than 70% of pupils pass with grades between A* and C.

Dried-out drain

Takudzwa has already passed his A-levels and is hunting for a university scholarship to study law abroad, in the hope of becoming a human rights lawyer.

wpid 55172756 southafricazimchildren013 Road scholars The border town of Musina is “not a nice place” for young Zimbabwean migrants

He was offered a place at Dundee University in the UK, but could not take it up because, as a former illegal migrant, he didn't have a valid travel document – a common problem for pupils at the Albert School.

Moses is now in form three, with ambitions of becoming a doctor, and returning triumphantly to his mother in Zimbabwe.

“She will be proud,” he beams. “I have a bright future ahead of me now.”

Success stories like these motivate other Zimbabwean children to undertake the dangerous trip south.

In the South African border town of Musina, new arrivals sleep rough on the streets, congregating on a notorious patch of waste ground. Some mix with older teenagers, who drink and sniff glue.

“It's not a nice place,” says 12-year-old Takwant, an orphan who crossed the border illegally last year. “No money for soap, no toilet, no house, no bath.”

He sleeps in a dried-out drain with his friends, 10-year-old Talent, and Justin, 15.

“I want to go to school,” says Justin. “If I go to school I can change my life, I can live with cars and wives and daughters.”

His ambition is to save up to join an uncle in Johannesburg. For now, he survives by begging.

You can listen to Crossing Continents on BBC Radio 4 on Thursday 8 September at 11:00 BST and Monday 12 September at 20:30 BST. You can also listen via the BBC iPlayer or the podcast.

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U.S. Army Africa commander visits South Africa March 2010
4440463624 39628afe8e U.S. Army Africa commander visits South Africa March 2010

Image by US Army Africa
www.usaraf.army.mil

U.S. Army Africa commander meets South African military leaders

By Rick Scavetta, U.S. Army Africa

VICENZA, Italy – Shortly after Maj. Gen. William B. Garrett III’s aircraft touched down at Johannesburg’s Tambo International Airport, he was shaking hands with Brig. Gen. Chris Gildenhuys, commanding general of the South African Army Armour Formation. The two officers last met in Monterey, Calif., during a July 2009 bi-lateral conference sponsored by the U.S. military.

In a sign of U.S. Army Africa’s growing relationship with South Africa, it was now South Africa’s turn to host the commander of U.S. Army Africa.

“Organizations don’t collaborate, people do,” Garrett said. “This visit is an invaluable opportunity to strengthen the relationship between our Army and the South African Army.”

On March 7th, Garrett flew to South Africa for a weeklong tour, marking his first visit to that country. In the days to follow, Gildenhuys escorted Garrett to meet South Africa’s senior army leaders and tour South Africa’s key military installations near Pretoria, Bloemfontein and Cape Town.

In Pretoria, Garrett stopped at the U.S. Embassy to meet with U.S. Ambassador Donald H. Gips and the Deputy Chief of Mission, Ambassador Helen La Lime. Then, at South Africa’s army headquarters, Garrett spoke with Lt. Gen. Solly Zacharia Shoke, chief of the South Africa’s army, about transformation efforts underway in South Africa’s army. Garrett shared recent accomplishments of U.S. Army Africa soldiers and civilians, who work with the land forces of many African nations to strengthen mutual security capacity and capabilities.

At South Africa’s Joint Operations Headquarters, Garrett met with Rear Admiral Phillip Schoultz, Director General for Joint Operations and Acting Chief for Joint Operations who discussed his nation’s peacekeeping efforts. Afterward, Garrett met with officers at the South African Army College. While visiting the 43rd South African Brigade headquarters, Garrett met with Brig. Gen. Lawrence Smith and observed preparation for training under the U.S. State Department-led African Contingency Operations Training and Assistance program. Then, Garrett stopped at South Africa’s army engineer formation headquarters for a series of information briefings.

“We have a lot to learn from the South African Army,” Garrett said. “We will use that knowledge to update the U.S. Army’s training and doctrine while enhancing interoperability between our forces.”

The next day, Garrett flew from Waterkloof Air Force Base on Pretoria’s outskirts to Bloemspruit Air Force Base near Bloemfontein. He toured South Africa’s armor school and visited the 44th Parachute Regiment. From Bloemfontein, Garrett flew to Ysterplaat Air Force Based near Cape Town to learn more about South Africa’s reserve forces at Fort Ikapa , followed by a visit to South Africa’s joint tactical headquarters at Western Cape.

U.S. Army Africa has already seen how senior leader engagements can quickly develop into beneficial training opportunities.

In March 2009, Command Sgt. Maj. Earl Rice – then U.S. Army Africa’s senior enlisted leader – visited South Africa’s Special Forces headquarters, a visit conducted with representatives from the U.S. Army Ranger Training Brigade. Within a few weeks, U.S. soldiers got a taste of hardcore South African special forces training. Three Army NCOs underwent a grueling three-week survival course in the South African bush, learning valuable lessons on adapting to the harsh environment, maintaining endurance and overcoming nearly insurmountable challenges—tools they carried back to their units.

Meanwhile, U.S. Army Africa is increasing its capacity building efforts in Africa through a continuing series of senior leader engagements, part of the command’s strategy to expand cooperative relationships and develop enduring partnerships across the continent. Senior leader engagements are a traditional tool used by Army leaders to enhance capacity building efforts.

Leaders use these engagements to gain better regional understanding and insights while encouraging follow-on initiatives such as military-to-military familiarization events and combined exercises and training opportunities.

In July 2009, Garrett was among several U.S. Department of Defense leaders who sat down with South African Ministry of Defense officers during the 11th annual U.S.-RSA Defense Committee meeting in Monterey. While at the bi-lateral conference, military leaders discussed policy, familiarization events, military support to combating HIV/AIDS, plus education and training opportunities for military members.

Several military-to-military familiarization events in 2010 are already being planned, in coordination with U.S. military officers at the U.S. Embassy in South Africa. These events include officer and NCO professional development activities, a leader exchange program, and various engagement activities including military medicine, military police, facilities management and helicopter operations.

The New York National Guard leads cooperative military efforts with South Africa under the State Partnership Program. Upcoming SPP engagements include events involving senior enlisted leaders, military police and chaplains.

“This visit will strengthen the relationship with our South African colleagues,” Garrett said. “Our task now is to expand this relationship into an enduring partnership between the U.S. Army and the South African Army.”

PHOTOS by Capt. Thomas Laney, U.S. Army Africa

To learn more about U.S. Army Africa visit our official website at www.usaraf.army.mil

Official Twitter Feed: www.twitter.com/usarmyafrica

Official YouTube video channel: www.youtube.com/usarmyafrica

wpid 55307939 55307937 The cosy relations between France and Africa Jacques Foccart (left) was an informal French envoy to Africa for President Charles de Gaulle

Indeed, Mr Bourgi himself epitomises this world, so different from the normal practice of French diplomacy in other continents.

A lawyer rather than a professional diplomat, he has operated in parallel to the official Africa unit in President Sarkozy's Elysee Palace office and the Africa department of the foreign ministry.

He follows in a line of such informal Africanist envoys, including the Gaullist Jacques Foccart and the son of a former president, Jean-Francois Mitterrand (whose missions to carry messages to African presents earned him the nickname “Papa m'a dit” – [Daddy told me]).

There is no doubt that many sub-Saharan leaders, particularly the heads of authoritarian regimes, have powerful reasons to cultivate a sympathetic hearing at the highest levels of French politics.

French intervention

Several governments with traditionally close ties to Paris have a poor record of governance at home, in terms of human rights, corruption and the concentration of power among a tiny ruling circle. And their relations with France and French society have not always been easy.

Some have been the target of police or judicial investigations and most have been the subject of embarrassing media coverage.

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“Start Quote

The manner in which France manages its relationships south of the Sahara is becoming more routine and less cosy.”

End Quote

On a number of occasions the French authorities have intervened to smooth over such difficulties.

In 2004 Congo-Brazzaville's national police chief, Jean-Francois Ndenguet, was arrested during a visit to France on the orders of judges investigating claims that 353 opposition supporters had disappeared in May 1999, after returning from exile to Brazzaville's Beach river port.

Yet Mr Ndenguet was suddenly released in the middle of the night and allowed to fly home.

In 2007 French government anti-corruption investigators launched a probe into the vast personal assets of the presidents of Congo-Brazzaville, Gabon and Equatorial Guinea in France and whether these had been funded through illicitly acquired wealth. A full judicial investigation followed.

But in 2009 the Paris prosecutor's office brought a court appeal to halt this process.

This was seen as an overtly political intervention by government, worried that the case would unsettle relations with friendly African regimes.

Africa matters to Paris

Close relations with sub-Saharan countries have been important for successive French governments.

There are regular Franco-African summit conferences and Paris continues to underwrite the fixed exchange rate that pegs the CFA franc currency – used by 14 west and central African states – to the euro.

wpid 55314701 55307941 The cosy relations between France and Africa Some of those named by Robert Bourgi have threatened to sue

And although Africa is no longer a major business partner for many French companies, it matters to Paris in strategic and diplomatic terms.

Sub-Saharan countries represent one of the largest geographical voting blocs in the United Nations, and their support carries useful moral clout – if fewer votes – in other international organisations.

This year African backing has helped President Sarkozy secure a green light from the UN Security Council for action against Libya's Muammar Gaddafi, although South Africa has since condemned the Nato bombing campaign.

It also helped deliver the post of IMF managing director to former French Finance Minister Christine Lagarde.

But the manner in which France manages its relationships south of the Sahara is becoming more routine and less cosy.

As Mr Bourgi's own role shows, President Sarkozy has not really lived up to his own talk of breaking with the traditions of francafrique.

But his government is winding down the permanent French military presence – even in Ivory Coast where it acted on the UN's behalf in April to help ensure the capture of former President Laurent Gbagbo.

And French Foreign Minister Alain Juppe has begun to revive a policy focus on governance and democracy that had been sidelined over the past few years.

Mr Juppe has publicly criticised Senegalese President Abdoulaye Wade for attempting to tilt constitutional rules to facilitate his re-election bid next year.

But it is too early to say the old cosy relationships are gone for ever.

France was quick to congratulate Ali Bongo Ondimba, son of old ally Omar Bongo, when he controversially succeeded his late father as president of Gabon in 2009.

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 54292134 kenya  Kenya

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Revamp for Kenya's railways

Situated on the equator on Africa's east coast, Kenya has been described as “the cradle of humanity”.

In the Great Rift Valley palaeontologists have discovered some of the earliest evidence of man's ancestors.

In the present day, Kenya's ethnic diversity has produced a vibrant culture but is also a source of conflict.

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After independence from Britain in 1963, politics was dominated by the charismatic Jomo Kenyatta. He was succeeded in 1978 by Daniel arap Moi, who remained in power for 24 years. The ruling Kenya African National Union, Kanu, was the only legal political party for much of the 1980s.

Violent unrest – and international pressure – led to the restoration of multi-party politics in the early 1990s. But it was to be another decade before opposition candidate Mwai Kibaki ended nearly 40 years of Kanu rule with his landslide victory in 2002's general election.

Continue reading the main story

At a glance

wpid 53286835 kenya masai afp2 Kenya

Politics: Presidential elections in 2007 led to widespread unrest, denting the country's reputation for stability. A power-sharing government was eventually formed. A referendum on a new constitution in August 2010 produced a resounding “yes” vote

Economy: The economy has been recovering over recent years

International: Kenya has mediated in conflicts in Somalia and Sudan

Despite President Kibaki's pledge to tackle corruption, some donors estimated that up to $1bn had been lost to graft between 2002 and 2005.

Other pressing challenges include high unemployment, crime and poverty; most Kenyans live below the poverty level of $1 a day. Droughts frequently put millions of people at risk.

Kenya has been a leading light in the Somali and Sudanese peace processes.

With its scenic beauty and abundant wildlife, Kenya is one of Africa's major safari destinations.

The lucrative tourist industry has bounced back following the slump that followed bomb attacks in Nairobi in 1998 and Mombasa in 2002. And in 2006 tourism was the country's best hard currency earner, ahead of horticulture and tea.

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wpid 55352061 zas Libyas interim leader a crowd pleaser Many Libyans will live in a democracy for the first time in their lives

But there were no details on job creation, education and health care.

Nor were Libyans expecting it, as they understand that these issues cannot be tackled while the country is still at war.

After more than four decades of Col Gaddafi's rule, many Libyans do not have any memory or experience of democracy.

Now, they have lots to say, as they debate the future of Libya.

One of the questions is: Will it be a secular or Islamic state or a mixture of the two?

Some prominent Islamists are within the ranks of the anti-Gaddafi fighters and Mr Jalil seems to be well aware that they still have a role to play in capturing Col Gaddafi's remaining strongholds.

Many Libyans do not see the Islamists – who emerged in the 1980s to fight Col Gaddafi's rule – as a serious threat.

“There is no need for that [secularism] here. What would be the point when all Libyans are Muslims?” one man in Tripoli said.

In his address, Mr Jalil tried to occupy the middle-ground, reminding people of the country's moderate stance on Islam and warning that the NTC would “not accept extreme right or left-wing ideologies.”

Mr Jalil said Libyan law would be based partly on Islamic law.

This is not new. Libya's first constitution, under the monarchy, was based on Islamic law.

Col Gaddafi's government also recognised aspects of Islamic law.

But Mr Jalil's immediate challenge is to heal rifts among those who overthrew Col Gaddafi.

There are many power-wielding rebel commanders in different parts of Libya – especially the three main cities, Tripoli, Benghazi and Misrata.

Each of the rebel brigades are increasingly claiming that they played the most important role in ousting Col Gaddafi and to merge these brigade under a single command would be difficult.

The NTC will have to ensure that its fighters – especially in Misrata, where battles with Col Gaddafi's forces were extremely fierce – do not seek revenge by taking the law into their own hands.

For these reasons, Mr Jalil emphasised unity and reconciliation in his Tripoli address. It will be pivotal to the success of the next government.

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